Caslon Language Education Wikimedia (N) - Revision history

Caslon: /* No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) */

2019-07-17T15:43:40Z

‎No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB)

Caslon: /* No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) */

2019-07-17T15:43:24Z

‎No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB)

Caslon: /* Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) */

2019-07-17T15:40:58Z

‎Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS)

Caslon: /* next generation assessments */

2019-07-17T15:39:17Z

‎next generation assessments

Caslon: /* next generation assessments */

2019-07-17T15:38:56Z

‎next generation assessments

Caslon at 19:49, 27 June 2019

2019-06-27T19:49:54Z

Caslon at 18:23, 7 June 2019

2019-06-07T18:23:04Z

Caslon: /* norm-referenced test */

2017-02-24T16:40:41Z

‎norm-referenced test

Caslon: /* newcomer program */

2016-11-15T16:17:19Z

‎newcomer program

Caslon: /* newcomer(s) */

2016-11-15T16:16:58Z

‎newcomer(s)

@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 * The 2001 reauthorization of the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)|Elementary and Secondary Education Act]], with an emphasis on accountability to ensure that all students met grade level expectations by 2014. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
-* A reauthorization of the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)|Elementary and Secondary Education Act]] that was in effect until the passage of
+* A reauthorization of the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)|Elementary and Secondary Education Act]] that was in effect until the passage of [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) of 2015|Every Student Succeeds Act in 2015]]. Introduced a heavy emphasis on accountability through standards and high-stakes testing. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) of 2015|Every Student Succeeds Act in 2015]]. Introduced a heavy emphasis on accountability through standards and high-stakes testing. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 ==<i>nombres cortos y largos</i>==

@@ Line 77: / Line 77: @@
 * The 2001 reauthorization of the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)|Elementary and Secondary Education Act]], with an emphasis on accountability to ensure that all students met grade level expectations by 2014. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
-* A reauthorization of the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)|Elementary and Secondary Education Act]]. Places heavy emphasis on accountability through standards and high-stakes testing. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+* A reauthorization of the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)|Elementary and Secondary Education Act]] that was in effect until the passage of
 ==<i>nombres cortos y largos</i>==

@@ Line 72: / Line 72: @@
 ==Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS)==
-* New “next generation” science standards developed by national science and science education associations in cooperation with over half of the states. Likely to be adopted by most states in the country. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+* “Next generation” science standards developed by national science and science education associations in cooperation with over half of the states. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 ==No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB)==

@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 ==next generation assessments==
-* Assessments that are designed to measure required college-and-career-readiness standards and corresponding English language proficiency standards. Most of these assessments are delivered by
+* Assessments that are designed to measure required college-and-career-readiness standards and corresponding English language proficiency standards. Most of these assessments are delivered by computer or mobile devices and include technology-enhanced questions that go beyond traditional paper-and-pencil multiple-choice tests. Some also use computer-adaptive testing techniques. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
- computer or mobile devices and include technology-enhanced questions that go beyond traditional paper-and-pencil multiple-choice tests. Some also use computer-adaptive testing techniques. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 ==Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS)==

@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 ==next generation assessments==
-* Refers to content and English [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|language proficiency]] [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#assessment|assessments]] developed in response to federal requirements for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#ESEA Flexibility|ESEA Flexibility]]. These [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#assessment|assessments]] are designed to measure required college and career readiness standards and corresponding [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language proficiency standards|English language proficiency standards]]. Examples include the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Career (PARCC)|PARCC]] and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium|Smarter Balanced]] assessments associated with the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(C)#Common Core State Standards (CCSS)|Common Core State Standards]], and the[[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(W)#World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment (WIDA)| WIDA (ACCESS 2.0)]] and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English Language Proficiency Assessment for the 21st Century (ELPA21)|ELPA21]] assessments. Most of these assessments are delivered by computer or mobile devices and include technology-enhanced questions that go beyond traditional paper-and-pencil multiple-choice tests. Some also use computer-adaptive testing techniques. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+* Assessments that are designed to measure required college-and-career-readiness standards and corresponding English language proficiency standards. Most of these assessments are delivered by
 ==Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS)==

@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 ==narrow reading==
-* A form of independent recreational reading that entails reading several books on the same subject, by the same author, or in the same [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(G)#genre|genre]]. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+* A form of independent recreational reading that entails reading several books on the same subject, by the same author, or in the same [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(G)#genre|genre]]. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 ==national origin minority group (student)==
@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 * Specially designed programs for newcomers (recent arrivals to the United States who have no or low English proficiency and often have limited [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#literacy|literacy]] in their [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(N)#native language|native language]]). The goal is to accelerate their acquisition of language and academic skills and to orient them to the United States and to U.S. schools. Some follow a [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingual education|bilingual education]] approach and others focus on [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#sheltered English instruction|sheltered English]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
-* For beginning-level [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] who have been in the United States for only 1 or 2 years. Programs typically provide intensive English instruction and may include some [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#home language instruction|home language instruction]] and ample [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language support (PLS)|primary language support (PLS)]]. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+* For beginning-level [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] who have been in the United States for only 1 or 2 years. Programs typically provide intensive English instruction and may include some [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#home language instruction|home language instruction]] and ample [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language support (PLS)|primary language support (PLS)]]. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 ==next generation assessments==
-* Refers to content and English [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|language proficiency]] [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#assessment|assessments]] developed in response to federal requirements for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#ESEA Flexibility|ESEA Flexibility]]. These [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#assessment|assessments]] are designed to measure required college and career readiness standards and corresponding [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language proficiency standards|English language proficiency standards]]. Examples include the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Career (PARCC)|PARCC]] and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium|Smarter Balanced]] assessments associated with the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(C)#Common Core State Standards (CCSS)|Common Core State Standards]], and the[[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(W)#World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment (WIDA)| WIDA (ACCESS 2.0)]] and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English Language Proficiency Assessment for the 21st Century (ELPA21)|ELPA21]] assessments. Most of these assessments are delivered by computer or mobile devices and include technology-enhanced questions that go beyond traditional paper-and-pencil multiple-choice tests. Some also use computer-adaptive testing techniques. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+* Refers to content and English [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#language proficiency|language proficiency]] [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#assessment|assessments]] developed in response to federal requirements for [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#ESEA Flexibility|ESEA Flexibility]]. These [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(A)#assessment|assessments]] are designed to measure required college and career readiness standards and corresponding [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language proficiency standards|English language proficiency standards]]. Examples include the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Career (PARCC)|PARCC]] and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium|Smarter Balanced]] assessments associated with the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(C)#Common Core State Standards (CCSS)|Common Core State Standards]], and the[[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(W)#World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment (WIDA)| WIDA (ACCESS 2.0)]] and [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English Language Proficiency Assessment for the 21st Century (ELPA21)|ELPA21]] assessments. Most of these assessments are delivered by computer or mobile devices and include technology-enhanced questions that go beyond traditional paper-and-pencil multiple-choice tests. Some also use computer-adaptive testing techniques. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 ==Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS)==
-* New “next generation” science standards developed by national science and science education associations in cooperation with over half of the states. Likely to be adopted by most states in the country. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+* New “next generation” science standards developed by national science and science education associations in cooperation with over half of the states. Likely to be adopted by most states in the country. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 ==No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB)==
 * The 2001 reauthorization of the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)|Elementary and Secondary Education Act]], with an emphasis on accountability to ensure that all students met grade level expectations by 2014. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
-* A reauthorization of the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)|Elementary and Secondary Education Act]]. Places heavy emphasis on accountability through standards and high-stakes testing. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+* A reauthorization of the [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)|Elementary and Secondary Education Act]]. Places heavy emphasis on accountability through standards and high-stakes testing. [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 ==<i>nombres cortos y largos</i>==
@@ Line 87: / Line 87: @@
 * Standardized test designed to measure a particular skill or knowledge-base, wherein student scores are ranked by performance and distributed along a bell curve expressed in percentages, percentiles, or stanines. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/ <i>Special Education Considerations for English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/1/special-education-considerations-english-language-/authors/ Else Hamayan, Barbara Marler, Cristina Sánchez-López, and Jack Damico]
-* A test designed to compare a student’s score to those of other students. Test results are usually reported as percentile rankings (e.g., a student at the 71st percentile rank scored higher than 71 percent of the students in the test’s norming population, that is, a group of students who have already taken the test). [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
+* A test designed to compare a student’s score to those of other students. Test results are usually reported as percentile rankings (e.g., a student at the 71st percentile rank scored higher than 71 percent of the students in the test’s norming population, that is, a group of students who have already taken the test). [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundation-teaching-ells-3e/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], third edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/25/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
 ==“non-nons”==

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:40, 24 February 2017
Line 88:		Line 88:

	* A test designed to compare a student’s score to those of other students. Test results are usually reported as percentile rankings (e.g., a student at the 71st percentile rank scored higher than 71 percent of the students in the test’s norming population, that is, a group of students who have already taken the test). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]		* A test designed to compare a student’s score to those of other students. Test results are usually reported as percentile rankings (e.g., a student at the 71st percentile rank scored higher than 71 percent of the students in the test’s norming population, that is, a group of students who have already taken the test). [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]
		+
		+	==“non-nons”==
		+	* Nonspeakers of both English and their home languages. This label can stigmatize the bilingualism of a subgroup of students. From 1.10 (Flores) in [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/ <i>Common Core, Bilingual and English Language Learners</i>] edited by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/19/common-core-english-language-learners-and-equity/authors/ Guadalupe Valdés, Kate Menken, and Mariana Castro]

	[[#Caslon Language Education Index\|Top]]		[[#Caslon Language Education Index\|Top]]

@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 * Programs developed at the secondary level, particularly for students with limited schooling or [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#literacy|literacy]] in their [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(N)#native language|native languages]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/ <i>Foundations for Multilingualism in Education</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/7/foundations-multilingualism-education-principles-p/authors/  Ester de Jong]
-* Specially designed programs for newcomers (recent arrivals to the United States who have no or low English proficiency and often have limited [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#literacy|literacy]] in their [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(N)#native language|native language]]). The goal is to accelerate their acquisition of language and academic skills and to orient them to the United States and to U.S. schools. Some follow a [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingual education|bilingual education]] approach and others focus on [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#sheltered English instruction|sheltered English]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
+* Specially designed programs for newcomers (recent arrivals to the United States who have no or low English proficiency and often have limited [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(L)#literacy|literacy]] in their [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(N)#native language|native language]]). The goal is to accelerate their acquisition of language and academic skills and to orient them to the United States and to U.S. schools. Some follow a [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(B)#bilingual education|bilingual education]] approach and others focus on [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#sheltered English instruction|sheltered English]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
 * For beginning-level [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(E)#English language learner(s) (ELLs)|ELLs]] who have been in the United States for only 1 or 2 years. Programs typically provide intensive English instruction and may include some [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(H)#home language instruction|home language instruction]] and ample [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(P)#primary language support (PLS)|primary language support (PLS)]]. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/ <i>Foundations for Teaching English Language Learners</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/6/foundations-teaching-english-language-learners-res/authors/ Wayne E. Wright]

@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 * Student new to the United States, usually a [[Caslon_Language_Education_Wikimedia_(S)#sequential bilingual learner|sequential bilingual]] who has developed one language and is learning a second language. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/ <i>Teaching for Biliteracy</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/2/teaching-biliteracy-strengthening-bridges-between-/authors/ Karen Beeman and Cheryl Urow]
-* Students who have just arrived in the United States, typically with limited formal instruction. Most newcomers, as a result of their interrupted or limited schooling, have no or low levels of literacy in their [[#native language|native language]].  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
+* Students who have just arrived in the United States, typically with limited formal instruction. Most newcomers, as a result of their interrupted or limited schooling, have no or low levels of literacy in their [[#native language|native language]].  [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/ <i>English Language Learners at School</i>], second edition by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/4/english-language-learners-school-guide-administrat/authors/ Else Hamayan and Rebecca Field]
 * A student who has just arrived in the United States and most likely speaks no English. Newcomer programs are offered by some schools with specific linguistic, cultural, and personal supports available to aid adjustment. [http://caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/ <i>Young Dual Language Learners</i>] by [https://www.caslonpublishing.com/titles/14/young-dual-language-learners/authors/ Karen N. Nemeth]